Thelansis

  Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a diffuse inflammatory condition of the urinary system due to an infectious or noninfectious reason resulting in bleeding from the bladder mucosa. The most common cause is a bacterial infection that responds promptly to treatment. However, chronic and recurrent hemorrhagic cystitis often arises from chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or HSCT treatment. HC is manifested in two forms: early-onset HC, which usually appears within 48–72 h following chemotherapy, and late-onset HC, which occurs during the first 2–3 months after HSCT. Early-onset HC has been associated mainly with cyclophosphamide and busulfan administration. These drugs can damage the uroepithelium directly or through their metabolites. Late-onset HC to be associated with virus reactivation in immune-compromised patients. The main treatment recommendations are based on supportive measures such as hyperhydration, forced diuresis, and continuous bladder irrigation. The chronic form of HC defined Gr...