Thelansis

  Metastatic bladder cancer, alternatively known as advanced or stage 4 bladder cancer, involves the dissemination of cancer cells from the primary tumor, enabling them to pass through the lymphatic system or bloodstream to distant regions of the body. The most common sites for the distant metastasis of bladder cancer include the lungs, prostate, uterus, vagina, bones, and liver. Stage 4 bladder cancer comprises two distinct subtypes: Stage 4A: In this stage, the cancer has extended beyond the confines of the bladder into adjacent regions, such as the abdominal or pelvic walls. It may have also spread to the lymph nodes. Stage 4B: At this advanced stage, the disease has progressed further, invading one or more distant tissues or organs, such as the bones, lungs, liver, or abdominal lining. The precise mechanism of metastasis remains incompletely understood; it is believed to involve various factors, including genetic alterations and angiogenesis. The patho...