Thelansis

Thyroid carcinomas are relatively uncommon tumors. They include disease types that range from indolent behaviour, such as papillary carcinomas, to fulminant and lethal anaplastic disease. It originates from 2 types of thyroid endocrine cells; Follicular thyroid and parafollicular cells. This accounts for >90% of thyroid malignancies and including papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), follicular thyroid cancer (FTC), poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC), and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). Of note, PTC and FTC are classified as differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). There are two classical signalling pathways, the MAPK and the PI3K-AKT pathways. Both pathways are coupled to the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) at the cell membrane, which transduces an extracellular growth stimulus that prompts downstream intracellular signalling. The MAPK pathway has a fundamental role in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and survival and has been linked to tumorigenesis when d...