Thelansis

  Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) denote abnormal connections between an artery and a vein, sometimes referred to as arteriovenous malformations. These anomalies can manifest throughout the body, depending on the underlying cause. AVFs are categorized into acquired or congenital forms, arising either from surgical creation for hemodialysis access, congenital anomalies, or secondary to iatrogenic injury or trauma. Duplex ultrasound (US) is a non-invasive and cost-effective means to confirm AVF diagnosis, mainly when the AVF is superficial. However, early intervention is now used to prevent avoidable complications, particularly in post-traumatic AVFs, which should be promptly addressed upon diagnosis. The primary objective of AVF treatment is to isolate and close the fistula while preserving essential blood flow. Stent grafts are commonly employed to exclude the fistula while maintaining vascular integrity, whereas coils may be utilized when embolizing essential vessels poses minimal...