Thelansis

In DME, chronic hyperglycemia causes an up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), thus increasing vascular permeability and angiogenesis. While the underlying pathophysiology of DME is VEGF mediated, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that inflammatory mediators are also partly responsible and that those mediators contribute substantially to the vascular permeability and edema present in DME. The most common cause of vision loss from DR is DME, which can occur at any stage of DR and is characterized by edema and retinal thickening, which may also include hard exudates. As the earliest stages of DME are usually asymptomatic, individuals with DM are often unaware they have developed such complications. Symptoms are somewhat dependent on the location of the edema within the retina; non–center-involved macular edema is rarely symptomatic. However, once the edema spreads to encompass the central macula, patients generally experience progressive vision loss from...