Thelansis

  Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a histological pattern of glomerular injury, rather than a single disease, caused by diverse pathological entities with different mechanisms of damage with the podocyte as the principal target of the lesion, leading to the characteristic sclerotic lesions in parts. The lesion of FSGS has shown an increasing prevalence over the past few decades and is considered the most common glomerular cause leading to ESKD. Primary FSGS, which usually presents with nephrotic syndrome, is thought to be caused by circulating permeability factors that have the leading role in podocyte foot process effacement. Secondary forms of FSGS include maladaptive FSGS secondary to glomerular hyperfiltration such as in obesity or cases of loss in nephron mass, virus-associated FSGS, and drug-associated FSGS that can result in direct podocyte injury. There is a frequent overlap in the clinicopathological features of the different forms, which often poses a diagnost...