Thelansis

  Glioblastoma (GBM) represents the most common and aggressive primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system in adults. Standard treatment for newly diagnosed GBM typically involves maximal safe surgical resection, followed by a combination of radiotherapy and temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy and subsequent six cycles of adjuvant TMZ. Despite this aggressive approach, the median overall survival (OS) for patients with GBM remains poor, ranging from 12 to 18 months, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 7%. Prognostic factors in GBM include patient age and performance status at diagnosis. Younger patients and those with a good performance status—defined by a Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS) greater than 70 or a World Health Organization (WHO) performance status of 0—tend to have better outcomes. Unfortunately, GBM almost invariably recurs after initial treatment, leading to a significantly diminished prognosis. The median progression-free survival (PFS) for recurrent or...