Thelansis

  Bronchospasm, defined as a contraction of the bronchial smooth muscles, narrows the bronchi. This condition is frequently triggered by mechanical or chemical irritants, often in conjunction with underlying airway hyperreactivity, such as in cases of upper respiratory tract infections and smoking. Various stimuli that may precipitate bronchospasm include airway irritation, anaphylaxis, aspiration, pulmonary edema, allergies, acute asthma exacerbations, improper endotracheal tube placement, or extubation-induced spasm. Clinical manifestations of bronchospasm encompass expiratory wheezes, rash, elevated peak airway pressure, desaturation, increased end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2), and a characteristic ‘shark-fin’ appearance on the program. Many individuals experiencing bronchospasm do not have a prior history of obstructive pulmonary disease, and conversely, most patients with obstructive pulmonary disease do not exhibit bronchospasm under anesthesia. Factors that elevate the risk of intraopera