Thelansis

  Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) presents as an autoimmune astrocytopathy targeting the central nervous system, characterized by inflammation primarily affecting the optic nerve and spinal cord, with potential involvement of the brainstem, notably the area postrema. While its etiology remains elusive, recent studies have distinguished NMOSD from multiple sclerosis (MS) in terms of disease mechanisms, clinical features, and therapeutic approaches. Whole-genome sequencing has identified certain genotypes predisposing individuals to NMOSD, notably major histocompatibility complexes such as HLA-DRB1*03:01, which exhibit similarities to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) rather than MS. The hallmark of NMOSD is the presence of IgG antibodies against aquaporin-4, detected in most patients, particularly in regions rich in aquaporin-4, such as the optic nerve, spinal cord, and area posttrauma. This autoimmune process mediated by aquaporin-4 antibodies leads to perivascula...