Thelansis

 Geographic atrophy (GA) marks the advanced stage of the dry variant of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Some individuals with AMD may develop GA, characterized by the deterioration and death of cells in specific regions of the retina. The border of GA signifies the endpoint of continuous retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), with an internal absence of RPE cells, although a few are scattered within the GA area. Initial manifestations of AMD include drusen and irregularities in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). This early stage, known as age-related maculopathy (ARM), may progress to GA or exudative AMD. Around 11% of atrophic AMD, patients transition to the exudative form after four years. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in some eyes can also lead to GA. The intricate pathophysiology of GA involves chronic inflammation from an overactivated complement system, resulting in the loss of photoreceptors, RPE, and the underlying choriocapillaris. The disappearance of these str...

 Geographic atrophy (GA) is defined as the late stage of the dry form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Some patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) may develop geographic atrophy (GA), which refers to regions of the retina where cells waste away and die (atrophy). The edge of GA was recognized as the termination of continuous RPE. Internal to the edge, there was an absence of RPE cells over wide areas, although a few RPE cells were scattered over the area of GA. The first visible alterations of AMD are drusen and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) irregularities. This early stage of age-related maculopathy (ARM) may progress to either geographic atrophy (GA) or exudative AMD. Approximately 11% of patients with atrophic AMD eventually progress to the exudative form at four years of evolution. In some eyes with choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) also leads to GA. ·        In the USA, the prevalence of GA is 3.5% in subjects older t...