Thelansis

  Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is characterized by significant proteinuria (exceeding 40 mg/m^2 per hour), leading to hypoalbuminemia (less than 30 g/L), hyperlipidemia, edema, and various complications. It arises from increased permeability across the damaged basement membrane in the renal glomerulus. This abnormality in glomerular permeability can be primary, with kidney-specific diseases, or secondary, resulting from congenital infections, diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, neoplasia, or certain medications. Primary causes of NS include intrinsic kidney diseases like membranous nephropathy, minimal-change nephropathy, and focal glomerulosclerosis. Secondary causes encompass systemic diseases such as lupus erythematosus, diabetes mellitus, and amyloidosis. Congenital or hereditary focal glomerulosclerosis may result from genetic mutations affecting podocyte proteins like podocin, nephrin, or cation channel 6 protein, with minimal change in glomerulonephritis being the most prev...