Thelansis

 Infantile spasms, also known as West syndrome, represent a distinct and often devastating form of epilepsy affecting infants. It is characterized by unique seizure episodes called infantile spasms, which manifest as flexor, extensor, or mixed flexor-extensor spasms. These spasms are accompanied by a distinctive electroencephalography (EEG) pattern known as hypsarrhythmia and developmental delays or regressions. The syndrome can be categorized into two types based on etiology: symptomatic and cryptogenic. Symptomatic cases are associated with identifiable underlying causes or significant developmental delays preceding the onset of spasms. In contrast, cryptogenic cases lack such clear underlying causes and typically involve normal development before spasms onset. Causes of infantile spasms may stem from prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal factors, with approximately half of the cases attributed to prenatal factors, including central nervous system malformations, intrauterine insults,...

 Infantile spasms (IS), or West syndrome, one of the most recognized types of epileptic encephalopathy, constitutes a distinct and often catastrophic form of epilepsy of early infancy. The disorder presents with a unique seizure type, infantile spasms, characterized by flexor, extensor, and mixed flexor–extensor spasms; distinct electroencephalography (EEG) pattern of hypsarrhythmia; and psychomotor delay/arrest. IS can be classified by two etiologies: symptomatic and cryptogenic. Patients with symptomatic IS have a clearly defined underlying cause and/or significant developmental delay prior to the onset of spasms. In cryptogenic IS, no underlying cause is identified, and normal development is present prior to the onset of spasms. Causes of IS may be prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal. Approximately 50% of cases have a prenatal cause, which includes central nervous system malformations, intrauterine insults, neurocutaneous syndromes such as tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), metabol...