Thelansis

  Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a prevalent condition, particularly in advanced stages, with a frequency exceeding 50% in patients at stages 4 and 5, and often manifesting earlier in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). It is characterized as normocytic normochromic, hyperproliferative anemia, contributing significantly to poor outcomes and increased mortality in CKD. The primary cause is the diminished renal production of erythropoietin (EPO), the hormone vital for red blood cell production. Patients with CKD experience elevated iron losses attributed to uremia-associated platelet dysfunction, frequent phlebotomy, and blood entrapment during dialysis, resulting in annual iron losses estimated at 1–3 g in hemodialysis patients. Diagnostic tests for CKD-related anemia include complete blood count (CBC) with differential, peripheral smear, iron indices (iron, ferritin, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation), as well as assessments of iron, vitamin B, a...