Thelansis

Calcium, the third most prevalent ion in the body, plays a crucial role in maintaining various physiological functions, including cellular homeostasis, neural transmission, membrane integrity, blood clotting, intracellular signaling, and skeletal structure integrity. In plasma, calcium exists in three primary forms: ionized (the biologically active form), protein-bound (mainly to albumin), and complexed to anions like bicarbonate, lactate, phosphate, and citrate. Hypocalcemia, characterized by low levels of total serum calcium (<8.5 mg/dL) or ionized serum calcium (<4.7 mg/dL), results from a net efflux of calcium from the extracellular fluid exceeding the rate of replacement by intestines or bones. Neurological manifestations are predominant in hypocalcemia due to increased neuronal membrane excitability. Symptoms include altered mental status, confusion, depression, psychosis, gait disturbances, muscle twitching, paresthesias, tremors, seizures, muscle rigidity, and tetany. Cli...