Thelansis

  Mainly advanced and Metastatic Squamous cell esophageal carcinoma are diagnosed in the later stage of the disease, resulting from extensive surgical resection more or less associated with perioperative chemotherapy or neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy. Advanced and metastatic Squamous cell esophageal carcinoma becomes apparent with tumor growth, inability to swallow solids is followed by difficulty swallowing ground food and, finally, liquids. The advanced disease presents as polypoid intraluminal masses and loss of esophageal distensibility in the presence or absence of luminal narrowing. Progressive dysphagia is the most common complaint in most patients (90%) with greater than 50% luminal occlusion or where the luminal diameter is less than 13 mm. Squamous cell carcinoma represents 90% of EC in the world. It develops from squamous epithelium, from hyperplasia to dysplasia to cancer. At the molecular level, it is linked to particular TP53, NOTCH, and MTOR gene deregulation. Early-s...