Thelansis

 In adults, glioblastoma (GBM) stands as the most aggressive primary malignancy affecting the central nervous system (CNS), typically diagnosed at a median age of 65 years. Standard treatment for newly diagnosed GBM involves surgical resection to the fullest extent deemed safe, accompanied by concurrent radiotherapy and temozolomide (TMZ), followed by six-monthly cycles of adjuvant TMZ. However, options become limited when tumors progress beyond initial therapy, posing significant challenges in managing recurrent GBM (rGBM). Recurrence of GBM is virtually inevitable within a median survival period of 32–36 weeks, attributed to several factors, including the absence of a consistent definition and criteria for tumor recurrence, variations in institutional treatment approaches, and the complex, heterogeneous nature of the disease. Recurrence commonly manifests at the original tumor site in more than 90% of cases, while approximately 5% develop multiple lesions post-treatment. Addition...

  Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary malignancy of the central nervous system (CNS) in adults, with a median age of diagnosis of 65 years. In newly diagnosed GBMM, the standard of care includes maximally safe surgical resection, followed by concurrent radiotherapy and temozolomide (TMZ), and six-monthly cycles of adjuvant TMZ. Treatment options are limited when tumors progress after first-line therapy, and recurrent GBM (rGBM) management remains challenging. GBM recurrence is inevitable after a median survival time of 32–36 weeks due to a lack of uniform definition and criteria for tumor recurrence; institutional variability in treatment philosophy; and the heterogeneous nature of the disease, including the location of recurrence and distinct mechanisms believed to contribute to known subtypes of GBM. More than 90% of patients with glioma showed recurrence at the original tumor location, and that multiple lesions developed in 5% after treatment. Second, although less...