Thelansis

 Neuroblastoma, a malignant tumor originating from neural crest cells responsible for the sympathetic nervous system, predominantly affects children. Its occurrence may be sporadic or inherited in the germline, with familial cases often linked to mutations in ALK or PHOX2B genes. Some familial cases exhibit autosomal dominant inheritance. Additionally, common transforming mutations involve polymorphisms in genes like BARD1, LIN28B, or FLJ22536. Genetic anomalies, including MYCN amplification and chromosomal abnormalities, significantly impact prognosis. Diagnosis relies on elevated urinary catecholamine metabolites and imaging techniques like ultrasound, brain scan, or MRI. MIBG scintigraphy and medullary analysis aid in metastasis detection. Differential diagnosis includes nephroblastoma, while bone pain and limp may be mistaken for hip synovitis, and peri-orbital hematomas are misinterpreted as maltreatment signs. Treatment modalities encompass surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, an

 Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood, accounting for more than 7% of malignancies in children younger than 15 years of age and 15% of all pediatric oncology deaths. It is a heterogeneous malignancy with a broad spectrum of clinical behavior. Extensive clinical and basic research over the last four decades has shed light on the biology and treatment of neuroblastoma, but despite remarkable progress, important challenges remain. The current staging system uses clinical characteristics and imaging defined risk factors to stage the disease as L1, L2, M, or MS. Locoregional tumors are designated as either L1 or L2 based on the presence or absence of anatomic characteristics that would make complete surgical excision unsafe or impracticable at the time of diagnosis. ·        In the USA, the incidence of Neuroblastoma (NB) per year is 10.5 per million children less than 15 years of age. Neuroblastoma accounts for 8% to 10% of all childhood cancers and

  Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood, accounting for more than 7% of malignancies in children younger than 15 years of age and 15% of all pediatric oncology deaths. It is a heterogeneous malignancy with a broad spectrum of clinical behavior. Extensive clinical and basic research over the last four decades has shed light on the biology and treatment of neuroblastoma, but despite remarkable progress, significant challenges remain. The current staging system uses clinical characteristics and imaging defined risk factors to stage the disease as L1, L2, M, or MS. Locoregional tumors are designated as either L1 or L2 based on the presence or absence of anatomic characteristics that would make complete surgical excision unsafe or impracticable at the time of diagnosis.   In the USA, neuroblastoma per year is 10.5 per million children less than 15 years of age. Neuroblastoma accounts for 8% to 10% of all childhood cancers and approximately 15% of cancer