Thelansis

  Urothelial carcinoma (UCa) comprises bladder cancer, accounting for 90-95% of UCa cases, and upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUCa), which includes the remaining 5-10%. UCa is considered advanced when UCa has spread to lymph nodes or distant organs like the lungs, bones, or liver. Most advanced UCa originates from non-papillary muscle-invasive tumors, which are now one of the highest mutation rates among cancers. Advanced UTUCa, on the other hand, has a distinct mutation profile and is frequently marked by mutations in FGFR3, KMT2D, PIK3CA, and TP53. Symptoms of advanced urothelial cancer may include blood in the urine, frequent urination, painful urination, lower back pain, fatigue, and weight loss. Despite the availability of multimodality therapy, advanced bladder cancer has a very low overall survival (OS) rate. Progression-free survival rates after first- and second-line treatments for advanced urothelial carcinoma indicate that females face a higher risk of progression ...