Thelansis

  Elevated serum phosphorus levels of hyperphosphatemia are defined as surpassing 4.5 mg/dL, with severe cases categorized by levels exceeding 14 mg/dL. Renal failure is the predominant cause, primarily attributed to a glomerular filtration rate below 30 mL/min, which diminishes inorganic phosphate filtration, elevating serum levels. Additional less frequent contributors encompass heightened phosphorus intake and increased renal reabsorption. Excessive phosphate ingestion may result from the overuse of phosphate-containing laxatives or enemas, coupled with vitamin D intoxication, which enhances intestinal phosphate absorption. Conditions such as hypoparathyroidism, acromegaly, and thyrotoxicosis intensify renal phosphate reabsorption, contributing to hyperphosphatemia. Genetic factors also play a role, with deficiencies leading to hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, and decreased FGF-23 activity. The guidelines for Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) recom...