Thelansis

  Venous stenosis frequently arises as a complication following transvenous lead implantation. Venous stenosis presents symptoms such as swelling, pain, and the development of superficial varicosities. Predominantly affected sites include the axillary, brachial, cephalic, or brachiocephalic veins and the superior vena cava (SVC). Venous Stenosis severity is classified based on the degree of narrowing observed, categorized as absent (0%), mild (<50%), moderate (50% to 74%), severe (75% to 99%), or total occlusion if complete (100%) stenosis is present. The underlying pathology of venous stenosis involves: Intimal hyperplasia and fibrosis Often stemming from the placement of central venous catheters Pacemaker leads Hemodialysis catheters Prior radiation exposure Trauma Musculoskeletal structures exert external compression Patients experiencing SVC syndrome typically report a rapidly progressing headache along with swelling in the head, neck, and upper extremities. ...