Thelansis

  Upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) represents a rare neoplasm originating from the urothelial lining of the upper urinary tract, constituting a minority of cases compared to urothelial malignancies arising in the bladder. Consequently, therapeutic strategies employed in bladder cancer are frequently extrapolated to UTUC patients. Given the tumor's anatomical site, patient demographics, comorbidities, and the necessity for radical nephroureterectomy, UTUC patients commonly exhibit compromised renal function. Emerging evidence underscores the potential benefits of perioperative chemotherapy in managing UTUC. Notably, UTUC patients exhibit elevated microsatellite instability and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 mutations relative to their bladder cancer counterparts, highlighting distinctive molecular subsets within UTUC. The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed death receptor 1 and its ligand has introduced a novel second-line therapeutic avenue for UT...

 Urothelial cancer is a malignant tumor that originates in the lining of the urinary system. While most urothelial cancers arise in the bladder, a subgroup of urothelial cancers known as upper tract urothelial cancers (UTUCs) occur in the lining of the kidney or ureter. UTUCs and bladder cancers have many similarities and some differences, as the lining of the bladder, kidney, and ureter are the same. The etiology of UTUC is not entirely understood. However, certain risk factors have been identified, such as smoking, long-term inflammation of the urinary system, exposure to certain chemicals, and prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy for another cancer. UTUCs can be classified as low- or high-grade tumors, with high-grade tumors being more invasive and likely to spread from the kidney or ureter. UTUC can be challenging to diagnose in its early stages, and patients may not experience symptoms if the cancer is slowly growing. Radical nephroureterectomy, which involves the surgical ...