Thelansis

  Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary malignancy of the central nervous system (CNS) in adults, with a median age of diagnosis of 65 years. In newly diagnosed GBMM, the standard of care includes maximally safe surgical resection, followed by concurrent radiotherapy and temozolomide (TMZ), and six-monthly cycles of adjuvant TMZ. Treatment options are limited when tumors progress after first-line therapy, and recurrent GBM (rGBM) management remains challenging. GBM recurrence is inevitable after a median survival time of 32–36 weeks due to a lack of uniform definition and criteria for tumor recurrence; institutional variability in treatment philosophy; and the heterogeneous nature of the disease, including the location of recurrence and distinct mechanisms believed to contribute to known subtypes of GBM. More than 90% of patients with glioma showed recurrence at the original tumor location, and that multiple lesions developed in 5% after treatment. Second, although less com