Thelansis

  Optic neuropathy is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by injury to the optic nerve, typically resulting from acute or intermittent insults that lead to visual impairment. The hallmark clinical manifestations of optic neuropathy include visual field defects, dyschromatopsia, and abnormal pupillary responses. Various factors contribute to the development of optic neuropathy, with all forms affecting the optic nerve axons and leading to the loss of retinal ganglion cells. These mechanisms include oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, angiogenesis, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis following retinal ischemia. Ancillary investigations, such as visual field testing through manual kinetic or automated static perimetry, are crucial for diagnosis. Neuroimaging of the brain and orbit is also essential in diagnosing optic neuropathies, particularly in demyelinating and compressive conditions. Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is the most prevalent form of optic ...