Thelansis

Congenital hemolytic anemias (CHAs) refer to a group of rare inherited disorders that manifest as a range of conditions, including defects in erythrocyte membrane proteins, red cell enzymes, and disorders related to defective erythropoiesis. CHAs are characterized by anemia of varying severity, chronic extravascular hemolysis, reduced erythrocyte lifespan, splenomegaly, jaundice, biliary lithiasis, and iron overload. CHAs can be categorized into three subtypes: (1) disorders of the red blood cell membrane; (2) disorders of red blood cell enzymes; and (3) abnormal hemoglobin structures. Hereditary spherocytosis, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, and alpha- and beta-hemoglobinopathies are the most prevalent types of CHAs. Although each CHA subtype operates through different mechanisms of hemolysis, they share similar clinical and laboratory features. Patients with CHAs are also susceptible to gallstone formation, resulting from the increased breakdown of hemoglobin and...