Thelansis

 Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a leading cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), affecting approximately 40% of patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes. Diabetic nephropathy is the primary cause of kidney disease in patients who require renal replacement therapy. The exact cause of diabetic nephropathy remains unknown; however, insulin resistance, genetics, hyperglycemia, and autoimmune processes may contribute. Hyperglycemia causes the production of reactive oxygen species, which activate various pathways, including protein kinase C, hexosamine, polyol, and advanced glycation end products (AGE). The resulting inflammation is characterized by increased levels of cytokines and chemokines such as IL-6, MCP-1, TGF-beta, and VEGF, leading to fibrosis, inflammation, and increased vascular permeability. Chronic tubular injury and fibrosis occur as a result of epithelial-mesenchymal cell transformation. Albuminuria results from podocytopathy, and proteinuria occurs due to systemic and in...

 Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a leading cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), affecting approximately 40% of patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes. Diabetic nephropathy is the primary cause of kidney disease in patients who require renal replacement therapy. The exact cause of diabetic nephropathy remains unknown; however, insulin resistance, genetics, hyperglycemia, and autoimmune processes may contribute. Hyperglycemia causes the production of reactive oxygen species, which activate various pathways, including protein kinase C, hexosamine, polyol, and advanced glycation end products (AGE). The resulting inflammation is characterized by increased levels of cytokines and chemokines such as IL-6, MCP-1, TGF-beta, and VEGF, leading to fibrosis, inflammation, and increased vascular permeability. Chronic tubular injury and fibrosis occur as a result of epithelial-mesenchymal cell transformation. Albuminuria results from podocytopathy, and proteinuria occurs due to systemic and in...