Thelansis

  Fungal keratitis, also known as mycotic keratitis, is a severe sight-threatening condition. This highly damaging corneal infection often leads to permanent blindness and eye loss. Fungal keratitis tends to be a poorly treated condition with very high morbidity. Fungal keratitis occurs secondary to usually minor ocular trauma in most cases. ~ 4% of patients were found in children, although most points are seen in adults aged 20–50 years. Other reported predisposing factors for filamentous fungal keratitis include previous ocular surgery, ocular surface disease, contact lens use, previous use of corticosteroids (topical or systemic), and immunosuppressive conditions such as HIV/AIDS. Fungal keratitis (FK) often poses significant diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. It is most commonly observed in tropical/subtropical countries and regions with principal agricultural activity, accounting for 23–63% of all IK cases. Most of the patients were found to have at least one risk factor, wi...

  Chronic hepatitis B infection is defined as HBsAg in the serum for six months. HBeAg and HBV DNA (measured using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay) are viral replication and infectivity markers, whereas HBsAg is a hepatitis B viral infection marker. Cirrhosis, liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma, and death are severe complications of chronic infection. HBV DNA can be found in the serum without HBeAg in a small percentage of patients. The "precore" mutant in these patients prevents completion and excretion of the "e" antigen despite active HBV DNA replication and is linked to progressive liver disease. The risk of developing chronic hepatitis B after acute HBV infection is age-dependent; approximately 90% of infants become chronically infected. Less than 5% of adults experience chronic illness. If HBV transmission occurs at age ≤5 years, long ‐ term consequences such as chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, or HCC would be significant problems. The competit...