Thelansis

 Celiac disease is an immune-mediated disorder characterized by small intestinal enteropathy, systemic malabsorption and immune activation symptoms, and autoantibodies to tissue transglutaminase (TTG). It is unique among autoimmune diseases in that the trigger, dietary gluten, has been identified, and removing it results in the resolution of symptoms and enteropathy in most patients. The undiagnosed celiac disease might have severe consequences in children and adult subjects. Celiac disease's primary mechanism is an abnormal adaptive immune response to gluten-derived peptides. Prolamines have been found to contain critical epitopes presented by either HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 that induce a CD4+ T-lymphocyte response. Celiac disease can be severe as it can cause long-lasting digestive problems and keep the body from getting all the necessary nutrients. It can also affect the body outside the intestine. ·        The prevalence of Celiac disease varies from 4...

 Thrombocytopenia is defined as the deficiency of platelets (thrombocytes) that increases the risk of bleeding. It occurs when the bone marrow produces insufficient platelets or when an excessive number of platelets are destroyed or accumulated within an enlarged spleen. In this condition, the platelet count of patients drops down to less than 150 x 103 per μL. Typically, platelet counts higher than 50 x 109 per L do not lead to clinical problems unless platelet dysfunction co-exists with the low count; instead, they are picked up on a routine complete blood count. It is classified as Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, Drug-Induced Thrombocytopenia, and others based on etiology. Immune (Idiopathic) Thrombocytopenic Purpura is an acquired immune-mediated disorder that occurs due to the destruction of premature platelets. It is characterized by minimal bleeding or severe hemorrhage such as mucosal, intracranial, gastrointestinal, and genitourina...

 Skin Burn is a thermal injury caused by biological, chemical, electrical, and physical agents, with local and systemic consequences; it is the most severe form of trauma that has afflicted humanity since time immemorial. Its treatment has improved over time with the scientific revolution. To provide appropriate treatment, the patient's approach must be multidisciplinary; however, in the first instance, the entire body surface must be quantified, not just the percentage but also the depth. Once the clinical classification of burns by depth is understood, these are manifested with characteristic lesions that assist us in recognizing them practically. TNF-α also involves the antimicrobial defenses by activation of neutrophils and monocytes and can induce the secretion of other proinflammatory mediators, including IL-1 and IL-6. However, of these proinflammatory cytokines, only IL-6 has consistently been elevated systemically post-burn. In experimental animal models with third-degree ...

 Psoriasis, affecting approximately 2-3% of the global population, is primarily an inflammatory skin condition characterized by abnormal epidermal differentiation and hyperproliferation. The disease's pathophysiology involves the activation and migration of T-cells to the dermis, leading to the release of cytokines, particularly tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), which induces inflammation and accelerated skin cell production. This condition manifests with various symptoms, including dry, thick, raised patches on the skin covered by a silvery-white scale. These patches often provoke itching, especially in specific areas like the scalp, lower legs, and groin. In cases where psoriasis affects the hands and feet, painful fissures and cracks may develop, impairing manual tasks and walking. Severe psoriasis on the body can also lead to painful fissures and bleeding. Psoriasis is the most common autoimmune disease attributed to an inappropriate activation of the cellular immune sys...

Hypogonadism in men, defined by a low serum testosterone concentration, causes a slew of symptoms such as decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, reduced ejaculate volume, loss of body and facial hair, weakness, decreased lean body mass, reduced bone density, increased body fat, fatigue, and anemia. Most notably, libido loss and erectile dysfunction (ED). Depressive symptoms, decreased cognitive abilities, irritability, and lethargy or energy loss are also signs of low testosterone. Endogenous testosterone deficiency also has a negative impact on bone mass and is a significant risk factor for osteoporosis in men. Progressive loss of muscle mass and strength and testicular dysfunction often results in impaired sperm production. Unlike female menopause, which is a universal and abrupt aging process, not all men become testosterone deficient as they age. Even in their advanced years, a significant number of men remain eugonadal. However, as men age, they become increasingly likely to have...

 Fungal keratitis, also known as mycotic keratitis, is a severe sight-threatening condition. This highly damaging corneal infection often leads to permanent blindness and eye loss. Fungal keratitis tends to be a poorly treated condition with very high morbidity. Fungal keratitis occurs secondary to usually minor ocular trauma in most cases. ~ 4% of patients were found in children, although most cases are seen in adults aged 20–50 years. Other reported predisposing factors for filamentous fungal keratitis include previous ocular surgery, ocular surface disease, contact lens use, previous use of corticosteroids (topical or systemic), and immunosuppressive conditions such as HIV/AIDS. Fungal keratitis (FK) often poses significant diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. It is most commonly observed in tropical/subtropical countries and regions with prevalent agricultural activity, accounting for 23–63% of all FK cases in these regions. Most of the patients were found to have at least one ...

 Pain associated with burn and discomfort is an unfortunate part of burn injury and recovery. Burn pain is complex and requires careful assessment by your health care provider in order to find the best treatment. Pain management often requires a multidisciplinary approach that may include both medication and non-medication treatments and involve a team of health providers. There are many different types of burn pain, and each person’s pain is unique. Understanding the type, intensity, and duration of your pain is important for treatment. Types of pain are classified as Acute pain, Breakthrough pain, Resting pain, Chronic Pain, and Neuropathic Pain. It is often difficult to distinguish between changes in background pain and additional pain caused by movement both of which would be regarded as ‘breakthrough pain’. For this reason, breakthrough pain has been dealt with alongside background pain. ·        According to a literature survey, each year in th...

 Blepharitis defines the inflammation of the eyelid margin and is one of the most commonly found conditions in ophthalmic practice being a frequent cause of ocular irritation and discomfort. Blepharitis can be classified as anterior when the inflammatory process affects the base of the eyelashes, ciliary follicles, and the palpebral skin, or posterior when there is dysfunction of the Meibomian glands located on the posterior eyelid margin. Anterior blepharitis is divided into staphylococcal and seborrheic. The first has hard crushes at the base of the eyelashes and is the result of an abnormal cellular response to the cell wall components of Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus). The second is frequently associated with generalized seborrheic dermatitis and has soft, greasy crusts that stick to the eyelashes. Blepharitis has a multifactorial pathogenic mechanism, and its etiology is not clearly known. Evidence indicates a relation with infectious, allergic, systemic, and environmental c...

 Ovarian Cancer (OC) is the eighth most common cancer in women. Worldwide incidence cases range between 299,414 to 312,500 new cases in 2020. OC is amongst the leading causes of cancer-related death in women, particularly in the 40–79 age group. Survival rates vary significantly depending on the disease stage at diagnosis. Around 70-80% of patients are diagnosed in their advanced stages of the disease with a 5-year survival of 29 to 30%; ninety percent of patients with early-stage disease are alive at ten years compared with only around 15% with advanced disease, despite optimal treatment. A woman’s lifetime risk of developing OC is 1 in 75, and her chance of dying of the disease is 1 in 100. First-degree relatives of probands have a 3- to 7-fold increased risk, significantly if multiple relatives are affected at an early age. Rare high penetrant mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes increase lifetime risk substantially and account for most hereditary cases and 10%–15% of all case...

 Hyperkalemia is one of the most common acute electrolyte abnormalities, and it usually triggers a heightened therapeutic response due to its potential for causing cardiac arrhythmias. In individuals with normal kidneys, hyperkalemia function occurs relatively infrequently, but it can be much more common in patients with certain predisposing conditions. The frequency of hyperkalemia may vary according to the case mix of the studied population. Indeed, studies examining patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have reported a significantly higher incidence of hyperkalemia. The principal predictors of higher serum potassium levels in cohort studies were the presence of diabetes mellitus, higher protein intake, lower serum bicarbonate, white race, and, most importantly, lower eGFR, and patients at highest risk are those in whom there is a clustering of several risk factors. ·        The prevalence of hyperkalemia in CKD patients is considerably higher...

 Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder in which the production of functional hemoglobin is reduced (the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen). This causes a shortage of red blood cells and low oxygen levels in the bloodstream, leading to various health problems. Mutations in the HBB gene lead to reduced levels of beta-globin and cause beta-thalassemia. Loss (deletion) of some or all of the HBA1 and/or HBA2 genes results in a shortage of alpha-globin, leading to alpha thalassemia.   Thelansis’s “Thalassemia Market Outlook, Epidemiology, Competitive Landscape, and Market Forecast Report – 2023 To 2033" covers disease overview, epidemiology, drug utilization, prescription share analysis, competitive landscape, clinical practice, regulatory landscape, patient share, market uptake, market forecast, and key market insights under the potential Thalassemia treatment modalities options for eight major markets (USA, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, UK, Japan, and China)...

 Neutrophils play a crucial role in the immune system by ingesting, destroying, and digesting invading microorganisms, encompassing fungi and bacteria. Failure to fulfill this role results in immunodeficiency, characterized primarily by recurrent infections. A standard circulating neutrophil count is above 1.5 x 10/L. Neutropenia, defined as an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) below 1500 per microliter (1500/microL), can be categorized as asymptomatic (mild), moderate, or severe, indicating the risk of infection. The severity of neutropenia is stratified as follows: ·        Mild: 1000 to 1500/mcL (1 to 1.5 × 10^9/L) ·        Moderate: 500 to 1000/mcL (0.5 to 1 × 10^9/L) ·        Severe: < 500/mcL (< 0.5 × 10^9/L) Primary defects in neutrophil function involve failures in adhering to endothelial cells, abnormal chemotaxis, inadequate bacterial ingestion and killing, insufficient p...

 Emphysema is a lung disease that affects the alveoli (tiny air sacs). The alveoli become abnormally inflated in emphysema, damaging their walls and making breathing difficult. Emphysema is a type of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). The cause of emphysema is usually long-term exposure to irritants that damage your lungs and the airways. ·        The prevalence of emphysema in the United States is approximately 14 million, which includes 14% white male smokers and 3% white male nonsmokers. The prevalence is slightly less for white female smokers and African Americans.   Thelansis’s “Emphysema Market Outlook, Epidemiology, Competitive Landscape, and Market Forecast Report – 2023 To 2033" covers disease overview, epidemiology, drug utilization, prescription share analysis, competitive landscape, clinical practice, regulatory landscape, patient share, market uptake, market forecast, and key market insights under the potential Emphys...

 Bronchiectasis is a chronic pulmonary ailment marked by persistent and enduring dilation of the bronchial airways and a weakening of the mucociliary transport mechanism, attributable to recurrent infections that facilitate bacterial invasion and mucus accumulation throughout the bronchial tree. Traditionally, antecedent respiratory infections, particularly in childhood, were considered the primary etiological factor. The causative factors encompass idiopathic, acquired, or infection-related origins. A predominant manifestation is an enduring cough with expectoration, characterized by a mixture of saliva and mucus expelled from the airways. Additional symptoms may encompass sinusitis, fatigue, dyspnea, wheezing, chest pain, and hemoptysis. Three pivotal mechanisms underlie the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis: recurrent infections, airway obstruction, and peribronchial fibrosis. Neutrophils assume a central role in airway inflammation, prompted by elevated concentrations of neutrophi...

 Neutrophils play a crucial role in the immune system by ingesting, destroying, and digesting invading microorganisms, encompassing fungi and bacteria. Failure to fulfill this role results in immunodeficiency, characterized primarily by recurrent infections. A standard circulating neutrophil count is above 1.5 x 10/L. Neutropenia, defined as an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) below 1500 per microliter (1500/microL), can be categorized as asymptomatic (mild), moderate, or severe, indicating the risk of infection. The severity of neutropenia is stratified as follows: 1.        Mild: 1000 to 1500/mcL (1 to 1.5 × 10^9/L) 2.        Moderate: 500 to 1000/mcL (0.5 to 1 × 10^9/L) 3.        Severe: < 500/mcL (< 0.5 × 10^9/L) Primary defects in neutrophil function involve failures in adhering to endothelial cells, abnormal chemotaxis, inadequate bacterial ingestion and killing, insufficien...

 Mucormycosis, a severe fungal infection, is primarily caused by fungi within the order Mucorales. The most common transmission mode is inhaling sporangiospores, although infection can also occur through ingesting contaminated food or traumatic inoculation. The fungi belonging to Mucorales are widespread and are characterized by broad, aseptate, or sparsely septate ribbon-like hyphae. Among the various species within Mucorales, Rhizopus arrhizus stands out as the predominant agent responsible for mucormycosis globally. Other notable culprits include Lichtheimia, Apophysomyces, Rhizomucor, Mucor, and Cunninghamella species. This fungal infection is particularly notorious for its association with angio-invasion, contributing to its high mortality rate. Mucormycosis poses a significant threat to individuals with specific health conditions, including diabetes mellitus, hematological malignancies, recipients of solid organ transplants, and those undergoing corticosteroid therapy. The in...