Thelansis

  Insomnia is the most common clinical condition in which the person experiences difficulty sleeping and is subclassified as short-term, chronic, and other. Sometimes it is described as the presence of polysomnographic evidence of disturbed sleep. Therefore insomnia is considered to exist when there is long sleep latency, frequent nocturnal awakening, prolonged wakefulness throughout the sleep phase, or transient arousals. Insomnia can be a primary sleep disorder, comorbid sleep condition, and other mental or medical disorders. The etiology includes environmental, genetic, behavioral, and physiological factors culminating in hyperarousal. Insomnia is the complex interaction between cognitive arousal, altered circulation, and the homeostatic system. Decreased function of the sleep-walk switch may also contribute to insomnia. During sleep, there is a gradual shift from non-rapid-eye movement (non-REM) sleep to rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. The most common symptom was trouble sustai...

  Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a genetic disorder that primarily affects the muscles of the face, shoulder blades, and upper arms. Researchers identified two types of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD): type 1 (FSHD1) and type 2 (FSHD2) (FSHD2). The two types have identical signs and symptoms but differ due to their genetic cause. Initially, FSHD may cause weakness in the muscles of the face, shoulder girdle, and arms. Facial weakness can cause limited lip movements, making it difficult to whistle, use a straw, or pucker the lips. Affected people may develop a distinct "mask-like" facial appearance. Upper facial weakness may also result in an inability to close the eyes entirely during sleep. FSHD1 is caused by abnormal expression of the DUX4 gene, which is located on chromosome 4 in the D4Z4 region. The DNA in the D4Z4 area is typically hypermethylated and contains 11-100 repeated segments of DNA. For each pregnancy, the risk of passing the abn...

  Congenital heart block or atrioventricular block is a loss in the normal function of the cardiac electroconductive pathways that connect the sinoatrial node (SA node) to the ventricles via conduction through the atrioventricular node (AV node). The congenital heart block associated with neonatal lupus is a form of passively acquired autoimmune disease in which maternal autoantibodies to the intracellular ribonucleoproteins Ro (SS-A) and La (SS-B) cross the placenta and injure the previously normal fetal heart. Women with serum titers of anti-Ro antibody carry a 3% risk of having a child with neonatal lupus syndrome. Recurrence rates are about 18%. Chronic idiopathic fibrosis and sclerosis of the conduction system in Lenegre's disease cause half of the cases. Another common cause is ischemic heart disease, responsible for 40% of cases. It is associated with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and infiltrative diseases like sarcoidosis and amyloidosis. First-degree congenital b...

  Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease associated with joints and the place where tendons and ligaments are connected to bone and usually occurs in combination with a skin disorder called psoriasis. Enthesitis is one of the most common characteristic features. Other clinical features, including swelling joints, itchy-painful red patches, silvery while building up dead skin cells, and PsA also affect the sacroiliac joint of the pelvic and spine, causing stiffness in and around the neck and back. The exact cause of psoriatic arthritis is still unknown. It starts emerging in individuals aged 30 to 50 and can begin as early as childhood. Both genders are equally at the same risk level. The genetic epidemiology of PsA also supports its unique status. PsA has been associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class 1 alleles as opposed to the type 2 alleles associated with RA. Extra-articular manifestations of PsA are also different from those of RA. In ...

  Colorectal cancer, also known as colon cancer, appears in the colon or the rectum and is the third leading cause of cancer that develops slowly over several years. It usually begins as a non-cancerous polyp, an abnormal growth of tissue that lines the colon. Colorectal cancer can manifest as sporadic (70%), familial clustering (20%), and inherited syndrome (10%). Several risk factors are associated with colon cancer, including age, environment, diets with high animal fat, obesity, cigarette smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, hereditary, and history of inflammatory bowel disease. The most common type of colon cancer found in patients diagnosed is adenocarcinoma. The adenoma-carcinoma sequence is the base for colorectal cancer development, with a build-up of genetic alteration. The gatekeeper (gene that regulates growth) pathway accounts for approximately 85% of sporadic colorectal cancers and is the mechanism of carcinogenesis in FAP patients. Mutation of the tumor-suppressor gen...

Chronic low back pain (cLBP) is a widespread health issue with significant societal ramifications. Chronic back pain is defined as pain that lasts for at least 12 weeks after an initial injury or underlying cause of acute low back pain has been treated. At one year, approximately 20% of people who experience acute low back pain develop chronic low back pain with persistent symptoms. Even if pain persists, this does not always imply a severe underlying cause that can be easily identified and treated. The treatment successfully relieves chronic low back pain in some cases, but pain persists in others despite medical and surgical treatment. Patients into one of several categories: (1) nonspecific low back pain; (2) back pain associated with a radiculopathy or spinal stenosis; (3) back pain referred from a nonspinal source; or (4) back pain associated with another specific spinal cause. For patients with back pain associated with radiculopathy, magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomogr...

  Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) occurs when Candida species superficially penetrate the mucosal lining of the vagina and cause an inflammatory response. The dominant inflammatory cells are typically polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages. Patients may present with discharge, which is usually thick and adherent, excoriations, external dysuria, vaginal itching, vaginal burning, dyspareunia, or swelling. Risk factors for acute candidal vulvovaginitis include estrogen use, elevated endogenous estrogens, diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression, and broad-spectrum antibiotic use. Although candidal vulvovaginitis is more common in sexually active women, there is no evidence that candidal infection is sexually transmitted. Patients with recurrent candidal vulvovaginitis have predisposing genetic factors that cause them to be susceptible to recurrent fungal infections. These factors may also predispose to hypersensitivity to Candida. The most common responsible pathogen is C. Albicans (in ab...

  Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive malignancy of the pleural surface, predominantly caused by prior asbestos exposure. Most MPM cases are caused by exposure to asbestos, often occurring >40 years previously. Prognosis with MPM is poor, and median survival ranges from 8 to 14 months after diagnosis. Women have a better prognosis than men, but due to the occupational nature of the disease, there is a 4:1 male predominance. The four major histological subtypes are Sarcomatoid, epithelioid, biphasic or mixed, and desmoplastic. The sarcomatoid variant is associated with the worst outcomes, with a four-month median survival.   The incidence of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) ranges between 9 to 23 points per MN elderly patient with a man and women of 5:1.2.   The competitive landscape of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM) includes country-specific approved and pipeline therapies. Any asset/product-specific designation, review, and Accelera...

  Late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD, juvenile, and adult-onset) can appear as early as one year old and as late as the sixth decade. The late-onset form is associated with significant morbidity and is distinguished by progressive skeletal muscle weakness and respiratory insufficiency, eventually leading to respiratory failure and death. The late-onset form is variable, with all possible neuromuscular, musculoskeletal, respiratory, and cardiac symptoms. Muscle weakness is generally more pronounced in the proximal muscles of the lower extremities, with less involvement of the distal muscles and upper extremities. Muscle pathology can be asymmetric or symmetric; the trunk, thigh, and pelvic girdle muscles are the most likely to be affected, and specific muscle groups may be involved selectively. Patients may experience difficulty walking, running, participating in sports, climbing stairs, rising from a chair, or rising from a prone position. Motor development milestones are frequently mi...

  DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) is a congenital disorder with a broad phenotypic presentation caused primarily by a microdeletion of chromosome 22 at 22q11.2. This mutation fails in the proper development of the pharyngeal pouches, which are responsible for the embryologic development of the middle and external ear, maxilla, palatine tonsils, mandible, thyroid, parathyroids, thymus, aortic arch, and cardiac outflow tract. DGS symptoms include cardiac anomalies, recurrent infections, abnormal facies, thymic hypoplasia or aplasia, cleft palate, developmental delay, and hypocalcemia. DGS symptoms include a thymus that is absent or hypoplastic, cardiac abnormalities, hypocalcemia, and parathyroid hypoplasia. The absence of thymic tissue, the organ responsible for T lymphocyte development, is the most concerning feature of DGS. A complete lack of the thymus, which is extremely rare and affects less than 1% of DGS patients, is associated with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). T-cells ar...

  Cocaine intoxication and abuse are characterized by adrenergic hyperactivity and increased blood pressure. Cocaine use is linked to acute hypertension but not chronic hypertension. Severe hypertension has been reported in propranolol-treated subjects due to unopposed peripheral -stimulation. A 40-year-old woman was treated successfully with nitroprusside and captopril for hypertensive encephalopathy caused by cocaine abuse. Cocaine use during pregnancy increases the risk of premature placental abruption and blood pressure elevation, less responsive to standard therapy than pregnancy-induced hypertension. Cocaine use has been linked to sudden death due to various causes, including cardiac arrhythmias, respiratory arrest, status epilepticus, and impaired thermoregulation. Cocaine use during pregnancy increases the risk of placental abruption and emergency cesarean delivery. This medication binds and blocks monoamine reuptake transporters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin) wi...

  In Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the body's immune system attacks the lining of the joints, resulting in pain and inflammation. RA is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease, most frequently afflicting the synovial membranes of multiple joints. The most destructive element of the disease is abnormal growth and division of the cells of the synovium, which results in thickening of the synovium, eventually forming the pannus, a sheet of inflammatory tissue. The pannus invades the joint, destroys the articular cartilage and the subchondral bone, and erodes the ligaments and tendons. The destruction of bone eventually leads to laxity in tendons and ligaments. Fibrous ankylosis may form in the late stage of the disease. Under the strain of daily activities and other forces, bone and joint structure alterations result in deformities frequently seen in patients with RA. Rheumatoid factor is an immunoglobulin not generally found in the general population (only 1% to 2% of healthy people are ...

  Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive central nervous system disorder that belongs to a group of conditions known as motor system disorders. Parkinson's disease is caused by cell loss in the substantia nigra section of the brain. These cells produce dopamine, a chemical messenger responsible for signal transmission within the brain. Dopamine allows smooth, coordinated function of the body's muscles and movement. Thus, loss of dopamine allows neurons to fire out of control, leaving patients unable to direct or control their movement. The symptoms of Parkinson's, which often appear gradually and increase in severity over time, may include tremors or trembling, difficulty maintaining balance and gait, rigidity or stiffness of the limbs and trunk, and general slowness of movement (also called bradykinesia). Patients may also have difficulty walking, talking, or completing other simple tasks. Symptoms usually appear when between 60% and 80% of the dopamine-producin...