Thelansis

  Coronary microvascular disease (CMD) is a group of disorders that affect the structure and function of coronary microcirculation. CMD is prevalent in patients with various cardiovascular risk factors and is associated with an increased risk of adverse events. Several potential causes for microvascular dysfunction have been identified, including cardiovascular risk factors, impaired vasodilatation capacity, and endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent mechanisms. Patients with CMD may have chest pain that can persist even after cessation of activity. CMD is divided into four major categories: (1) CMD in the absence of coronary artery and myocardial disease, (2) CMD in the presence of myocardial diseases such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertension, aortic stenosis, and infiltrative heart disease, (3) CMD in the presence of obstructive coronary artery diseases such as stable coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndromes, and (4) iatrog...

  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic disorder characterized by significant hypertrophy of the myocardium, often accompanied by dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Symptoms such as dyspnea, angina, and syncope commonly manifest in affected individuals. Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (oHCM), defined by left ventricular outflow tract obstruction resulting in a peak gradient of at least 30 mm Hg, is observed in around 70% of HCM patients. This condition frequently leads to symptoms like dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain, or syncope. HCM affects individuals of all ages and ethnic backgrounds, with autosomal dominant inheritance being predominant. However, sporadic cases and alternate inheritance patterns, such as X-linked or mitochondrial inheritance, can occur. The disease's penetrance is incomplete, and its expression varies, posing challenges in recognizing its familial nature. The obstruction's unique pathophysiology is its dynamic nature, great...

  BK polyomavirus (BKV) belongs to the Polyomaviridae family of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses. BKV is a common childhood infection that rarely leads to severe clinical consequences, and over 80% of adults have antibodies against BKV. BKV remains latent after the primary infection in healthy individuals and does not cause significant morbidity. However, in some immunosuppressed individuals, such as those with HIV infection or who have undergone transplantation, BKV may reactivate and cause clinical complications. Among these patients, kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) are the most commonly affected, with a median of 19.5% developing BK viremia after transplantation. BKV enters the bloodstream through infected tonsillar tissue, infecting peripheral blood mononuclear cells and spreading to secondary sites of infection, such as the kidney. BKV DNA has been detected in leukocytes, lymph nodes, and the brain. The mechanisms underlying viral persistence and reactivation upon imm...