Thelansis

  Hot Flashes and Night Sweats are significant symptoms that occur in most women across the globe. A woman with Vasomotor Symptoms experiences much heat accompanied by sweating and flushing, especially around the head, neck, chest, and upper back region. These are the menopausal symptoms for which women seek treatment most often during menopause. VMS results from temperature dysfunction that occurs due to changes in gonadal hormones. 60-80% of women experience VMS during the menopausal transition, with prevalence rates varying by racial/ethnic group. One of the well-known symptoms of menopause is the occurrence of hot flashes, which occur in >75% of menopausal women. Hot flashes are often described as episodic sensations of heat, intense sweating, and flushing affecting the face and chest, often accompanied by palpitations and anxiety. Each episode lasts 3–10 minutes, and attacks can recur with varying frequency. Some women encounter hot flashes hourly or daily, whereas, for oth...

  Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a mental illness characterized by persistent anxiety, excessive worry, and tension that occurs without reason. GAD can prevent sufferers from executing even the simplest daily tasks in their most extreme form. Patients suffering from GAD are overly concerned about routine life issues, including health, money, career, and relationships. They can't relax, are easily startled, and have trouble concentrating. Although considered one of the most common anxiety disorders, relatively little is understood about the precursors to GAD and other chronic anxiety conditions, including Panic Disorder (PD), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Disease development is believed to be multi-causal, influenced by environment and experience, psychological traits, and genetic factors. The prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) varies from 3.5% to 17.5% cases among 18 years and older population.   The ...

  End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the irreversible stage of kidney impairment that cannot be controlled by conservative management alone and requires dialysis or kidney transplantation to maintain life. There are two levels of kidney impairment that can lead to ESRD: acute and chronic. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) implies chronic renal failure (CRF) of a degree (i.e., glomerular filtration rate, GFR<10–12 mL/min) such that life cannot be sustained long-term without dialysis. In contrast to acute kidney failure, chronic kidney failure is a permanent condition that leads to a progressive decline in renal function. Once it occurs, the kidneys cannot be made to function properly again, even when an inciting event has been corrected. CRF may exist for 10 to 20 years before progressing to ESRD. Over 70% of late-stage chronic kidney disease cases result from prolonged diabetes mellitus or hypertension. Glomerulonephritis, cystic diseases, and other urologic diseases account for ano...

Bipolar Disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes a person's mood, energy, and ability to function to change dramatically. It is different from the regular ups and downs people experience: the symptoms of BD are more severe. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and, more frequently, depression. The condition has a high recurrence rate, and if untreated, it has an approximately 15% risk of death by suicide. It is the third leading cause of death among people aged 15 to 24 years and is the sixth leading cause of disability (lost years of healthy life) for people aged 15 to 44 years in the developed world. It usually manifests itself during late adolescence or early adulthood. However, some people experience their first symptoms as children, while others experience them later in life. It is frequently misdiagnosed as a disease, and people may suffer for years before receiving proper diagnosis and treatment. Like diabetes or heart d...

  Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition of the airways in which hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle and mucous glands with plugging of small airways with thick mucus can occur. This airway inflammation contributes to airway hyper-responsiveness, airflow limitation, and respiratory symptoms and is at the root of the disease's chronic nature. Based on the clinical features classified as mild intermittent, mild persistent, moderate persistent, or severe persistent, depending on symptom frequency and severity and lung function as assessed by forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). Depending on symptoms, signs, and functional assessment, asthma exacerbations are classified as mild, moderate, severe, and impending respiratory failure. The incidence of Asthma in the USA varies from 158 to 187 cases per 100,000 populations, and the prevalence varies between 6.7 to 8.5 across all ages The competitive landscape of Asthma includes country-specific approved and pipeline therap...

  Acute pericarditis is a relatively common cause of chest pain, with approximately 5% of patients with nonischemic chest pain being diagnosed with acute pericarditis in the emergency department. Recurrent or relapsing pericarditis is expected, is one of the most challenging complications of acute pericarditis, and may affect 10–50% of patients. It can have infectious or non-infectious causes and is characterized by a combination of signs (e.g., pericarp. dial rubs, electrocardiographic changes, and pericardial effusion), symptoms (primarily chest pain, but other symptoms such as dyspnea are possible), and usually elevation of markers of myocardial inflammation (i.e., protein C reactive). Simultaneous myocardial involvement is also attributed to about one-third of patients with acute pericarditis, and it is due to overlapping etiological agents for pericarditis and myocarditis. It is the first pericarditis attack, generally occurring with an acute onset of symptoms. It is character...

Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a rare, debilitating autoimmune disease known as Graves' orbitopathy or thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. After 1 to 3 years, the disease progresses from an active progressive period marked by inflammation to a stable and fibrotic period. It affects approximately 40% of Graves' disease patients. In Graves' disease, autoantibodies (thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin) targeting the thyrotropin receptor cause hyperthyroidism. The insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR), which is overexpressed by orbital fibroblasts and B and T cells, plays a critical role in Graves' illness and thyroid eye disease. Thyrotropin receptors and IGF-IRs form physical and functional complexes that cause hyaluronan accumulation and cytokine production, resulting in inflammation, edema, and enlargement of extraocular muscle and adipose tissue. The incidence of Thyroid eye disease in the USA is 15 to 20 cases per 100,000 population in the USA   The competitive l...

Systemic Mastocytosis (SM) is a rare hematological neoplasm characterized by heterogeneous clinical manifestations due to the excessive proliferation of abnormal clonal mast cells (MCs) in different cutaneous and extracutaneous sites, such as bone marrow (BM), spleen, lymph nodes, and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Somatic mutations in the KIT gene cause most cases of systemic mastocytosis. This gene encodes a protein that helps control critical cellular processes such as cell growth and division, survival, and movement. Mutations in the KIT gene lead to an overproduction of mast cells, which accumulate in internal organs and lead to the symptoms of this condition. The long-term outlook (prognosis) for people with systemic mastocytosis (SM) varies. Young children and those who present with primarily cutaneous and flushing symptoms tend to have little or no progression of the disease over a considerable length of time. Older patients and those with extensive, systemic diseases involvi...

Synovial Sarcoma (SS) is a soft tissue sarcoma that mimics a benign neoplasm due to its slow growth and distal predisposition. A slow-growing mass, compression symptoms, or irritation to nearby structures are all common symptoms of SS. These cancers are well-known for their proclivity for being misdiagnosed. They've been said to look like arthritis, synovitis, bursitis, hemangiomas, and hematomas, especially when small calcifications accompany them. SS affects specific areas, with 60 percent to 70 percent of cases affecting the lower extremity, and is frequently associated with bursae, tendon sheaths, and joint capsules. Monophasic and biphasic SS are the two major subtypes of SS histologically. Monophasic tumors, found in all three of our patients, are made up of spindled cells and have a better prognosis. They usually present as smaller masses with no metastases. The incidence of Synovial Sarcoma (SS) varies from 3.2 to 4.65 cases per million populations in the USA.   The competi...

  T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) accounts for 15% to 25% of all newly diagnosed ALL cases in children and adolescents. T-ALL and T-LL are distinguished by more Patients with residual leukemia cells in their bone marrow despite intensive treatment. Other patients achieve remission, but their normal blood cell counts drop, and leukemia cells return to their bone marrow. Most T-ALL disease recurrences happen within two years of diagnosis, and relapsed disease is challenging to treat, with survival rates as low as 25%. T-ALL consists of high-intensity combination chemotherapy, resulting in high overall survival, with the best outcomes observed in pediatric patients. Despite the high response rates after first-line therapy, 20% of pediatric and 40% of adult patients will relapse. The incidence of ALL in the USA is 1.8 per 100,000 for all age groups and 5 per 100,000 for ages 0 to 19. The competitive landscape of Relapsed or Refractory T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia...

  Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the eighth most common malignancy affecting adults, accounts for between 3% and 4% of new cancer cases in the United States. The classic clinical presentation of flank pain, hematuria, and a palpable flank mass are comparatively uncommon (5–10% of cases). However, clinical symptomatology may be relatively nonspecific. For example, anorexia, tiredness, weight loss, or fever of unknown origin · The clear cell histologic subtype remains the most common representing approximately 70% of all renal tumors and an even more significant proportion of patients with metastatic RCC (>80%). The vast majority of clear cell RCC is characterized by biallelic loss of function of the von Hippel Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene. Prognosis is generally reflected in staging severity, with the lower-stage disease associated with longer survival rates. The prediction is noticeably adversely affected by the spread of the tumor beyond the renal fascia and into the retrope...

  Hypoparathyroidism is an endocrine disorder in which the parathyroid glands are either removed or produce insufficient parathyroid hormone (PTH). The resulting decrease in PTH, which controls calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D levels in the blood and bone, causes derangements in mineral homeostasis, including hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. Hypoparathyroidism is most often acquired, caused by head and neck surgery during which the parathyroid glands are either intentionally or inadvertently removed or damaged; it can also be congenital, idiopathic, or the result of an autoimmune disorder. Patients with Hypoparathyroidism most often present with paresthesia, cramps, or tetany, but the disorder also may manifest acutely with seizures, bronchospasm, laryngospasm, or cardiac rhythm disturbances. In the postoperative setting, the presentation can be acute, with tetany, cramping, tachycardia, and altered mental status dominating the picture. The disorder occurs in both acquired and ...