Thelansis

 X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) is a life-threatening primary immunodeficiency that manifests as a deficiency in T and B lymphocytes or impaired lymphocyte function. Infants diagnosed with this condition typically succumb to recurrent infections caused by opportunistic pathogens within the first year of life. Various abnormalities in cellular signaling have been documented, but the primary defect in X-linked SCID is the inability to produce a receptor γ-chain. This γ-chain is a crucial component of high-affinity receptors for several interleukins, including IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15. The activation of lymphocytes, the synthesis of diverse antibody types, TCR re-arrangements, and the development of natural killer (NK) cells all hinge on the engagement of these receptors. The IL2RG gene responsible for this deficiency is at the Xq13.1 locus, resulting in an X-linked inheritance pattern exclusively affecting males. Comprising eight exons, the IL2RG gene has...

  Castleman Disease (CD) encompasses a cluster of infrequent lymphoproliferative conditions involving enlarged lymph nodes displaying distinctive microscopic alterations, an extensive array of inflammatory indications, and laboratory irregularities. It can affect lymph nodes across various bodily regions, simulating non-cancerous and cancerous anomalies, such as those found in the neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis. From a pathological standpoint, it can be categorized into hyaline vascular type (HV-CD), plasma cell type, mixed type, and Castleman disease associated with human herpesvirus (HHV)-8. On a pathogenic level, the plasma cell variant of Castleman Disease is associated with excess production of IL-6 and heightened expression of IL-6 receptors, triggering the proliferation of B lymphocytes and vasculogenesis, which in turn results in an array of systemic manifestations like fever, anemia, hypoproteinemia, and proteinuria. In some instances of mixed CD, an elevated IL-6 leve...

  Scurvy presents as a clinical syndrome stemming from an inadequate vitamin C. Within 4 to 12 weeks after discontinuing vitamin C consumption, the body's reservoir of this vitamin typically becomes depleted. Various factors can negatively impact the absorption and functions of ascorbic acid. Unlike most animals, humans cannot synthesize their vitamin C and thus depend on external sources. Vitamin C is essential for humans, while other animals don't require it from external sources. Several factors can lead to vitamin C deficiency, including alcoholism, infants relying solely on cow's milk, elderly individuals subsisting on a tea and toast diet, economically disadvantaged individuals with limited access to fruits and vegetables, smokers, those with eating disorders, individuals with Type 1 diabetes requiring higher vitamin C intake, people with gastrointestinal conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, those with iron overload leading to excessive vitamin C excretion by...

  Scars are a natural part of the body's healing process. They are made up of collagen, a protein that helps to repair damaged tissue. Scars can vary in appearance depending on the injury's severity, the scar's location, and the person's skin type. Some scars are flat and fade over time; others are raised, red, and itchy. Scars can be caused by: Injuries: Cuts, scrapes, burns, and other injuries can all cause scars. Surgery: Surgery often leaves scars. Skin conditions: Some skin conditions, such as acne and chickenpox, can cause scars. Medical conditions: Some medical conditions, such as keloids and hypertrophic scars, can cause abnormal scar tissue to form. There are five main types of scars: Fine-line scars: These are the most common type of scar caused by minor wounds that heal without complications. They are usually raised at first but gradually fade and flatten over time. Keloid scars: These scars are caused by an ove...