Thelansis

 Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis leading to reduced blood cell production and clonal instability, which carries a potential risk of progressing to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Individuals affected by MDS experience a significant burden of symptoms and are also susceptible to mortality due to complications arising from reduced blood cell counts and the development of AML. The etiology of MDS is currently understood in only 15% of cases. Inherited susceptibility to MDS is observed in approximately one-third of pediatric MDS cases, encompassing conditions such as Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia, and neurofibromatosis. While less common in adults, an inherited predisposition should be considered when MDS arises in young adults or families with a history of MDS, AML, or aplastic anemia. Familial instances of MDS have been associated with point mutations in various genes, including DDX41, GATA2, RUNX1, ANKRD26, ETV6, and genes related to the ...

Hyperhidrosis, a condition marked by excessive sweating, arises from the overstimulation of cholinergic receptors on eccrine glands. This disorder stands out by causing sweat production beyond what is necessary for maintaining a stable body temperature. Eccrine glands are most concentrated in axillae, palms, soles, and faces, making these regions the primary sites linked with hyperhidrosis. The malfunctioning of the acetylcholine negative feedback loop in these individuals is likely responsible for the shift from a normal physiological response to an abnormal pathological one. It is categorized into primary and secondary forms, each demanding distinct approaches to management and treatment. The primary variant typically emerges earlier in life and is characterized by more localized symptoms. On the other hand, the secondary type usually arises due to medication side effects or systemic conditions, particularly those involving the nervous system. Classification of hyperhidrosis into pri...

 Gingival recession, also known as soft tissue recession, is characterized by the displacement of the gingival margin below the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) of a tooth or the platform of a dental implant. This condition involves the loss of various periodontal tissues, including gingiva, periodontal ligament, root cementum, and bone at dental sites, and the loss of mucosa and bone around dental implants. The underlying causes of gingival recession encompass a range of factors, such as inflammatory periodontal diseases, trauma resulting from aggressive oral hygiene practices, recurrent inflammation due to bone dehiscence or fenestration beneath the gingiva, repeated inflammation linked to poorly fitting dental restorations, orthodontic-induced tooth movement through the labial bone plate, viral-induced ulceration of the gingival margin, cytotoxic drug-induced ulceration, benign familial neutropenia, traumatic injuries to the gingival margin, and compromised blood supply to the gingi...

 Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) span many common infectious diseases, often necessitating immediate treatment and hospitalization. These infections display diverse symptoms and involve microbial invasion in increasing severity levels, affecting the epidermis, dermis, superficial fascia, subcutaneous tissues, and muscle. Among these, complicated SSTIs (cSSTIs) are the most severe, infiltrating deeper soft tissues and encompassing infective conditions like cellulitis, ulcer or wound site infections, surgical site infections, significant abscesses, infected burns, skin ulcers, and diabetic foot ulcers. A dominant causative pathogen in cSSTIs is Staphylococcus aureus, an aerobic Gram-positive coccus, which holds critical epidemiological importance. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus spp. have also been recognized as culprits behind cSSTIs. These infections can either involve a single microorganism or a combination, triggering heightened systemic inflamm...

 Chronic urticaria (CU) is characterized by recurring hives or welts, which appear at least twice a week for a minimum of 6 weeks. The exact cause of CU is not fully comprehended, but it's believed that the release of histamine due to mast cell degranulation plays a central role. While many CU patients don't have a specific allergen triggering their mast cells, in cases where no underlying cause is identified, the diagnosis is chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU). CU exhibits various clinical manifestations, primarily marked by the rapid emergence of wheals and angioedema. A wheals typically includes three key elements: (i) a central swelling of variable dimensions, (ii) accompanied by itching or occasionally a burning sensation, and (iii) lasting briefly, usually for 1-24 hours. Angioedema is characterized by sudden, pronounced swelling in the deeper layers of the skin. It can sometimes be painful and takes longer to resolve than wheels (up to 72 hours). Around 40-50% of cases i...

 Cardiotoxicity is a comprehensive term that covers a wide range of effects on the heart, including detectable structural alterations without symptoms, leading to arrhythmias, increased cardiac biomarkers due to stress and heart injury, and both systolic and diastolic dysfunction in the left ventricle, even without signs of heart failure. Cardiotoxicity is a well-recognized complication of fluoropyrimidines, namely 5-fluorouracil and its oral prodrug capecitabine. The risk of this adverse effect is heightened in patients undergoing thoracic radiation therapy simultaneously with multiagent chemotherapy, particularly if there's preexisting cardiac disease. The incidence of cardiotoxicity can be as high as 18% among individuals exposed to fluoropyrimidines. Cardiac toxicity can present in two forms, reversible or irreversible. Reversibility denotes the ability to regain cellular or organ function. However, certain myocardial changes, such as loss of myocardial cells through necrosis o...

 Acute heart failure (AHF) is the sudden onset or worsening of symptoms and signs associated with heart failure (HF). This critical condition typically requires hospitalization, focusing on the immediate management of fluid overload and compromised hemodynamics. It encompasses individuals experiencing typical HF symptoms and signs for the first time (de novo AHF) and those with exacerbated symptoms of their existing cardiomyopathy (acute decompensated heart failure). Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms, including breathlessness, difficulty breathing while lying down, lower limb swelling, and signs such as elevated jugular vein pressure and lung congestion. These manifestations result from structural and functional abnormalities in the heart, leading to reduced cardiac output and increased pressures within the heart. More than 50% of patients in high-income regions and Eastern and Central European areas, acute heart failure admissions are primarily li...

  Acne vulgaris, a prevalent pilosebaceous unit inflammatory skin disorder, follows a persistent course. Typically presenting as papules, pustules, or nodules, it primarily occurs on the face but can also impact the upper arms, trunk, and back. The development of acne results from the sebaceous glands' heightened sensitivity to normal androgen levels, aggravated by Cutibacterium acnes (formerly known as Propionibacterium acnes), a bacterial species that triggers inflammation. The pathogenesis of acne vulgaris involves a complex interplay of factors such as the activation of sebaceous glands by androgens, imbalances in the pilosebaceous follicle microbiome, and cellular immune responses. Genetic predisposition and dietary influences also contribute to the condition's onset and progression. The initial stage is the micro-comedo, a small plug primarily composed of corneocytes in the lower follicular infundibulum. Microcomedones evolve into various acne lesions, including closed co...