Thelansis

  Diffuse midline glioma (DMG) is a malignant tumor originating from glial cells, predominantly affecting children. Its hallmark feature is diffuse infiltrative growth within the brainstem, often rendering surgical resection impractical. Brainstem tumors are relatively common in pediatric populations, constituting approximately one-fifth of nervous system tumors in this age group. Among these, approximately 80% are DMGs. Clinical manifestations vary based on the affected brain regions, leading to sensory or motor syndromes such as facial paralysis, balance disturbances, visual impairments, dysarthria, and dysphagia. From a histological standpoint, DMG exhibits significant heterogeneity with a wide range of variations. These tumors frequently extend beyond the pons, invading neighboring brain structures. Despite being classified as a rare tumor, DMG accounts for 10–15% of all childhood brain tumor-related deaths, emphasizing its clinical significance and urgent need for effective ...

  Congenital hearing loss, present at birth, results from impaired conversion of vibratory mechanical energy of sound into electrical energy of nerve impulses in the ear. This type of hearing loss is categorized based on the location of the lesion, with conductive hearing loss affecting the outer or middle ear and sensorineural hearing loss affecting the inner ear, auditory nerve, or central auditory pathway. Risk factors for congenital or late-onset childhood hearing loss include a positive family history of permanent congenital hearing loss. Hearing loss can also be classified as syndromic or non-syndromic, depending on the presence or absence of co-inherited physical or laboratory findings. Non-syndromic hearing loss is highly heterogeneous, with autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing loss being the most common genetic type, typically present at birth, and autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss being progressive with later onset, accounting for the remaining cases. X...

  Influenza is a respiratory disease caused by influenza viruses belonging to genera influenzavirus A and B, with additionally known genera of influenzavirus C and D. Symptoms of influenza infection range from mild upper respiratory disease with fever, sore throat, runny nose, cough, headache, muscle pain, and fatigue to severe pneumonia caused by the virus or secondary bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract. Influenza virus infection may also cause non-respiratory complications affecting other organ systems, including the heart and central nervous system. Young children and older adults are at increased risk for severe illness and infectious complications. Children who have not previously been exposed to influenza viruses are highly susceptible to infection and may have more severe symptoms with longer shedding periods of the virus. According to estimates, the United States has faced a considerable burden of influenza, with around 9 million cases of flu, ...