Thelansis

 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) stands out as the predominant form of primary liver cancer, closely linked to the presence of liver cirrhosis. This malignancy typically emerges after prolonged periods of chronic liver disease, during which the liver's regenerative capacity diminishes. The hallmark of cirrhosis is a decline in hepatocyte proliferation, leading to an accumulation of fibrous tissue and the degeneration of liver cells. This pathological process can eventually progress to the development of cancerous nodules. An overwhelming majority, ranging from 70% to 90%, of individuals diagnosed with HCC have a pre-existing history of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. The key culprits in this scenario include chronic infections with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), alcoholic liver disease, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Notably, hepatitis B virus infection accounts for half of all HCC cases, while hepatitis C virus infection contributes to 25%. Unre

 Fibrolamellar Carcinoma (FLC), a rare form of liver cancer typically found in individuals under 40 years old, is distinct from other liver cancers as it occurs in those with healthy livers. Its exact cause remains poorly understood, though recent studies suggest a chromosome 19 deletion resulting in an anomalous fusion of DNAJB1 and PRKACA genes may be pivotal in its development. Patients usually present with a sizable solitary liver mass alongside nonspecific symptoms. Histologically, FLC displays characteristic features such as large polygonal cells with oncocytic cytoplasm, prominent nucleoli, and dense collagen bands separating trabeculae and cords. Differential diagnosis distinguishes it from classical hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma through immunohistochemical studies, including markers like cytokeratin 7, CD68, and HepPar-1. Furthermore, FLC is distinguished by the activation of protein kinase A. The prognosis for FLC resembles that of classical hep

 Ectodermal dysplasias (ED) encompasses over 180 disorders that impact the outer layer of embryonic tissue (ectoderm), which is responsible for forming the skin, sweat glands, hair, teeth, and nails. Additionally, organs like mammary glands, the central nervous system (CNS), external ears, melanocytes, cornea, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus originate from the embryonic ectoderm. Mutations in EDA, EDAR, EDARADD, and WNT10A genes are implicated, with EDA mutations being the predominant cause, contributing to more than half of all cases. Symptoms of ectodermal dysplasias vary depending on the specific type and may differ even within affected families. Common mouth-related issues associated with ED include thinner or softer tooth enamel leading to increased cavities, missing or misshapen teeth, abnormal tooth and jaw positioning, reduced saliva production resulting in dry mouth, and occurrences of cleft lip or palate. Clinical evaluation of a patient exhibiting typical phenotypic feat

 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an infrequent subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and one of the variations of T cell lymphoma, comprising 1 to 3% of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and approximately 15% of T cell lymphomas. It predominantly affects young individuals, especially males, and is not hereditary. ALCL is a significant health concern characterized by its potential for rapid growth and frequent recurrence. Although treatments exist to combat it, including various therapies to improve quality of life, ALCL remains a severe condition. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified anaplastic large cell lymphoma into four distinct categories: ALK-positive ALCL (ALK+ALCL), ALK-negative ALCL (ALK-ALCL), primary cutaneous ALCL (pcALCL), and breast-implant-associated ALCL (BIA-ALCL). Systemic ALCL typically undergoes treatment with standard chemotherapy, supplemented by additional options such as radiotherapy, stem cell transplants, and steroid therapy. Notably, in

 Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK), a rare and challenging cornea infection to diagnose and treat effectively, is caused by various genotypes of the Acanthamoeba organism, classified as T1–T22 based on 18s rRNA gene typing. Clinical presentation and treatment response vary depending on the genotype. Transmission occurs through corneal contact with contaminated substances, with human cases often linked to tainted water, soil, or eye trauma. The disease progresses through two phases: an initial phase affecting only the corneal epithelium, followed by invasion into the underlying stroma, resulting in significant damage to the collagen matrix and triggering intense inflammation. AKANTIOR® (polihexanide), a novel anti-amoebic polymer, holds promise as the first approved drug for treating Acanthamoeba keratitis worldwide. Polihexanide targets both trophozoites and cysts of the Acanthamoeba protozoan. ·        The estimated incidence of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) among soft contact lens wearers

  Pharyngitis is a condition where the mucous membranes of the oropharynx become inflamed. The most common cause of pharyngitis is an infection, either bacterial or viral. Other less common causes include allergies, trauma, cancer, reflux, and certain toxins. Viral infections account for about 50% to 80% of pharyngitis cases. Various viral pathogens, including rhinovirus, influenza, adenovirus, coronavirus, and parainfluenza, cause these infections. Less common viral pathogens include herpes, Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and coxsackievirus. Bacterial infections are more severe and may develop after an initial viral infection. The most common bacterial infection is Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, which causes 5% to 36% of cases of acute pharyngitis. Penicillin is the preferred antibiotic for treating Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis1. GAS pharyngitis is uncommon in preschool-aged children and adults. Group C and G beta-hemolytic St

  Nocturia is a condition where an individual wakes up more than once during the night to urinate. It is divided into two main categories: upper urinary tract and lower urinary tract dysfunction. Nocturia is often associated with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), such as benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) and overactive bladder (OAB). However, it can also be caused by nighttime urine overproduction or nocturnal polyuria (NP), resulting from renal, cardiovascular, or pulmonary factors. Nocturia is multifactorial and can be caused by one of four main problems: Nocturnal polyuria Global polyuria Bladder functional storage issues Sleep disorders Hormonal problems are primarily responsible for nocturnal and global polyuria. The management of nocturia requires multidisciplinary care, and treatment involves behavioral interventions and medications, including anticholinergics. It affects 50 million people in the United States, with 10 million diagnosed with nocturia but only 1.